1978年长江中下游地区夏季大旱及其影响

本文利用相对距平和Z—指数为指标分析了1978年长江中下游地区的夏季大旱,并着重研究了干旱对该地区水资源和农业生产的影响。     

Wall losses of oxygenated volatile organic compounds from oxidation of toluene: Effects of chamber volume and relative humidity

Vapor wall losses can affect the yields of secondary organic aerosol. The effects of surface-to-volume (S/V) ratio and relative humidity (RH) on the vapor-wall interactions were investigated in this study. The oxygenated volatile organic compounds (OVOCs) were generated from toluene-H₂O₂ irradiations. The average gas to wall loss rate constant (k_gw) of OVOCs in a 400 L reactor (S/V = 7.5 m⁻¹) is 2.47 (2.41 under humid conditions) times higher than that in a 5000 L reactor (S/V = 3.6 m⁻¹) under dry conditions. In contrast, the average desorption rate constant (k_wg) of OVOCs in 400 L reactor is only 1.37 (1.20 under humid conditions) times higher than that in 5000 L reactor under dry conditions. It shows that increasing the S/V ratio can promote the wall losses of OVOCs. By contrast, the RH effect on k_gw is not prominent. The average k_gw value under humid conditions is almost the same as under dry conditions in the 400 L (5000 L) reactor. However, increasing RH can decrease the desorption rates. The average k_wg value under dry conditions is 1.45 (1.27) times higher than that under humid conditions in the 400 L (5000 L) reactor. The high RH can increase the partitioning equilibrium timescales and enhance the wall losses of OVOCs.     

外绝缘用液体硅橡胶的自然老化因素研究

近年来,液体硅橡胶(Liquid Silicone Rubber,LSR)已经在外绝缘领域得到了较为广泛的应用,但是目前对其耐老化性能的研究还不够深入。尤其是在中国南方地区使用时,高温、高湿环境更容易导致液体硅橡胶的老化。在许多地区都观察到了电流、电压互感器的液体硅橡胶绝缘外套的龟裂、老化现象,对设备的安全运行产生了影响。本文设计并实施了在光照、高温、高湿、电晕等老化因素作用下的液体硅橡胶人工老化试验,并对老化试验后的样品进行了硬度、力学性能、憎水性、光泽度以及SEM、FTIR等微观性能试验和分析。认为在光照作用下,高温、高湿环境对液体硅橡胶具有加速老化作用,表现为硬度上升、憎水性下降、光泽度下降,并且在表面出现细微裂纹。     

高温高湿巷道内不稳定换热系数影响因素分析及模型建立*

为研究高温高湿巷道不稳定换热系数的变化规律,采用Fluent软件对高温高湿巷道内的热湿交换进行数值模拟,通过单因素和正交模拟实验探讨风流温度、风流速度、岩石导热系数、原岩温度以及巷道当量直径对高温高湿巷道不稳定换热系数的影响。研究结果表明:高温高湿巷道不稳定换热系数随时间的变化规律与普通巷道一致,均与通风时间呈负相关,但通风时间为1 a的高温高湿巷道不稳定换热系数较普通巷道增加了12.5%。通过单因素分析得到风流速度、岩石导热系数和当量直径与不稳定换热系数呈正相关。通过极差分析得到各因素对不稳定换热系数的影响程度为:岩石导热系数>当量直径>风流速度>风流温度>原岩温度。利用SPSS软件对正交实验数据进行拟合,建立不稳定换热系数的计算模型,拟为高温高湿巷道内热负荷计算及井下风温预测提供参考。     

南京地区相对湿度对气溶胶含量的影响

为了研究南京地区相对湿度对气溶胶的影响,利用位于南京信息工程大学的拉曼-瑞利-米氏激光雷达,分析湿度廓线对消光系数的影响;利用2014年3月~2015年2月国控点环境监测数据对可吸入颗粒物浓度特征进行统计,并与相对湿度进行逐月和四季对比分析,并计算各参数之间的相关系数,以期为南京市的城市布局与规划、大气污染治理等提供更多参考.结果表明,低空气溶胶的消光系数廓线与相对湿度廓线变化趋势高度一致,地面相对湿度与可吸入颗粒物浓度在一定湿度范围（以不发生重力沉降为界限）内,相对湿度越大越有利于颗粒物的形成,超过这个范围,相对湿度越大,颗粒物浓度越低,在南京地区,对于PM₁₀来说,这个界限在40%~49%,对于PM_2.5来说,这个界限在50%~59%.     

不同温湿度条件下微米硼的氧化过程研究

目的 探究不同温湿度条件下微米硼的氧化层结构特征。方法 利用高温水浴浸泡处理去除原料微米硼的表面氧化层,然后在恒温恒湿条件下对微米硼进行加速氧化,利用扫描电子显微镜、透射电子显微镜和X射线光电子能谱对加速氧化后硼颗粒的氧化层厚度及组成进行分析,总结表面氧化层结构及成分组成变化规律,揭示温湿度条件下微米硼的氧化机制。结果 微米硼经高温水浴浸泡处理后,表面氧化层去除率达到50%。随着加速氧化时间的延长,硼颗粒氧化层的厚度逐渐增大,由内向外硼颗粒表面可以用B-BxOy-B2O3三层结构来表示,BxOy总是伴随着B2O3同时出现的,且随着氧化反应的进行,颗粒表面BxOy的含量将超过B的含量。结论 不同温湿度条件下微米硼的氧化机制为O2向B颗粒内部单向扩散的反应机制,B先与O2反应,形成低氧化物BxOy,BxOy进而与O2反应生成B2O3。随着氧化层厚度的增加,O2向B颗粒内部扩散的阻力增大,氧化反应速率随之降低。相比湿度的影响,温度的升高可显著加快硼表面氧化层的形成;温度一定时,湿度的增加可促进硼氧化层的形成。     

潮湿巷道风流温度与湿度变化规律分析

通过对矿井风流与围岩热湿交换理论的研究,提出理论上更可靠的风流温、湿度计算方法,编制了模拟解算矿井风流与围岩热湿交换的计算机程序,解算出潮湿巷道风流温度及湿度的变化规律,并分析通风时间、湿度系数等参数对风流温度及湿度变化规律的影响;沿风流流动方向,风流温度及湿度不断增加;巷道风流温度及湿度随着通风时间的增加而不断减小,通风时间越长减小的幅度越小;围岩壁面湿度系数对风流温度及湿度的影响较大,其他参数不变时,壁面湿度系数越大,风流温度越小,风流湿度越大。     

润湿时间统计方法研究

根据日记相对湿度曲线，本文采用了五种方法统计江津地区1998年逐月的润湿时间；五种方法的区别主要在于：(1)相邻两点时间间隔不同，方法2、方法3相邻两点间隔1h，方法4、方法5相邻两点间隔6h；(2)若相邻两点的相对湿度值一个高于80％，另一个低于80％时，则采用了三种不同的方法计算从低点到高点相对湿度低于80％的时间，方法1直接从曲线读取，方法2、方法4则从相邻两点的相对湿度值计算获得，方法3、方法4则取相邻两点间隔时间的一半。方差分析表明五种方法之间没有显著差异，可直接利用国家气象局发布的全年每天2、8、14、20点的相对湿度来统计润湿时间。     

Using Relative Risk to Compare the Effects of Aquatic Stressors at a Regional Scale

The regional-scale importance of an aquatic stressor depends both on its regional extent (i.e., how widespread it is) and on the severity of its effects in ecosystems where it is found. Sample surveys, such as those developed by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency’s Environmental Monitoring and Assessment Program (EMAP), are designed to estimate and compare the extents, throughout a large region, of elevated conditions for various aquatic stressors. In this article, we propose relative risk as a complementary measure of the severity of each stressor’s effect on a response variable that characterizes aquatic ecological condition. Specifically, relative risk measures the strength of association between stressor and response variables that can be classified as either “good” (i.e., reference) or “poor” (i.e., different from reference). We present formulae for estimating relative risk and its confidence interval, adapted for the unequal sample inclusion probabilities employed in EMAP surveys. For a recent EMAP survey of streams in five Mid-Atlantic states, we estimated the relative extents of eight stressors as well as their relative risks to aquatic macroinvertebrate assemblages, with assemblage condition measured by an index of biotic integrity (IBI). For example, a measure of excess sedimentation had a relative risk of 1.60 for macroinvertebrate IBI, with the meaning that poor IBI conditions were 1.6 times more likely to be found in streams having poor conditions of sedimentation than in streams having good sedimentation conditions. We show how stressor extent and relative risk estimates, viewed together, offer a compact and comprehensive assessment of the relative importances of multiple stressors.     

Application of Multiattribute Decision-Making Methods for the Determination of Relative Significance Factor of Impact Categories

A relative significance factor (f _i ) of an impact category is the external weight of the impact category. The objective of this study is to propose a systematic and easy-to-use method for the determination of f _i . Multiattribute decision-making (MADM) methods including the analytical hierarchy process (AHP), the rank-order centroid method, and the fuzzy method were evaluated for this purpose. The results and practical aspects of using the three methods are compared. Each method shows the same trend, with minor differences in the value of f _i . Thus, all three methods can be applied to the determination of f _i . The rank order centroid method reduces the number of pairwise comparisons by placing the alternatives in order, although it has inherent weakness over the fuzzy method in expressing the degree of vagueness associated with assigning weights to criteria and alternatives. The rank order centroid method is considered a practical method for the determination of f _i because it is easier and simpler to use compared to the AHP and the fuzzy method.